Blockades have become a common response to Canada's failure to address and resolve the legitimate claims of First Nations. Blockades or Breakthroughs? debates the importance and effectiveness of blockades and occupations as political and diplomatic tools for Aboriginal people. The adoption of direct action tactics like blockades and occupations is predicated on the idea that something drastic is needed for Aboriginal groups to break an unfavourable status quo, overcome structural barriers, and achieve their goals. But are blockades actually "breakthroughs"? What are the objectives of Aboriginal people and communities who adopt this approach? How can the success of these methods be measured? This collection offers an in-depth survey of occupations, blockades, and their legacies, from 1968 to the present. Individual case studies situate specific blockades and conflicts in historical context, examine each group’s reasons for occupation, and analyze the media labels and frames applied to both Aboriginal and state responses. Direct action tactics remain a powerful political tool for First Nations in Canada. The authors of Blockades or Breakthroughs? Argue that blockades and occupations are instrumental, symbolic, and complex events that demand equally multifaceted responses. Contributors include Yale D. Belanger, Tom Flanagan, Sarah King, P. Whitney Lackenbauer, David Rossiter, John Sandlos, Nick Shrubsole, and Timothy Winegard.

Yale D. Belanger is associate professor, Native American Studies, and adjunct associate professor, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge.P. Whitney Lackenbauer is associate professor and chair of history at St Jerome's University in the University of Waterloo.

Yale D. Belanger's profile page

P. Whitney Lackenbauer is associate professor and chair of the Department of History at St. Jerome's University in the University of Waterloo, and a faculty associate with the LCMSDS.

Peter Kikkert recently completed his M.A. at the University of Waterloo and is a Ph.D. student in history at the University of Western Ontario.

P. Whitney Lackenbauer's profile page

“Blockades or Breakthroughs? is a valuable resource for understanding the conditions and concerns that inform aboriginal uses of direct action against a government that has historically sought to diminish First Nations' ability to assert sovereignty, and

“An important text. For the first time, comprehensive historical analysis of major First Nations, Métis and Inuit-led direct-action resistance in Canada has been collected in one volume. A highly valuable resource to students and scholars of Indigenous/non-Indigenous relations, as well as those interested in processes of nation-building. Weighted heavily towards historical analysis, the case studies [are] ripe for further analysis by scholars of gender, Indigenous studies, Canadian studies, and sociology.” British Journal of Canadian Studies

“This collection successfully establishes the multi-vocal and politically formidable nature of blockades and occupations, in the process adding much-needed depth to histories of Aboriginal direct action and stimulating meaningful conversation. By complica